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   Sɣur Rebiha Akriche  Aṭas n yiɣisan ay iwten deg Libya aydeg ay yerwi kullec seg 2011. Lemcawṛat ay d-yebdan deg Ldzayer d asurif aydeg yella ussirem, maca deg tidet, abrid n umsuɣal ad yiɣzif skud tigrawin ay yemcewwalen gar-asent ur msefhament ara ɣef umtawa aydeg ara sɛunt tamuɣli tucrikt ɣef uzekka n tmurt.  Tella-d tebdammast ddaw leɛnaya n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen i lmend n lemcawṛat gar tegrawin yemcewwalen, yerna tiddit n lemcawṛat-a ɣer sdat d tin ay yejjan « ad d-yennulfu useqqamu aselwayan ara sseddunt tugniwin [ccexṣeyyat] timzirgin, ad d-yili unabaḍ [lḥukuma] n tdukli taɣelnawt d umni aydeg ara ttekkin yigensasen n wakk Ilibiyen ». Ldzayer, ay yellan d tamurt ay la yetturaren dduṛ deg ussifses n lemcawṛat-a, tettekka daɣ deg uheyyi n yiwet n tewriqt n ubrid ara ḍefren yidisan ay terza temsalt deg ukala-a n umsuɣal.  Tuzzya tis snat n umciweṛ i ferru n taluft tasertit-taɣellisant deg Libya tella-d deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, yerna tejja wid ay yettekkan deg-s ad deqqeqen tamuɣli deg lkaɣeḍ-a (ay yettwaqeddmen daɣ i Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen), yerna tella-d « tdukli d tameqrant deg tmuɣliwin » deg wayen yerzan aya.  « Ula ma mazal mgerradent tmuɣliwin deg wayen yerzan kra n temsal n lkaɣeḍ-a ayɣef d-yella usqerdec, llsisan imeqranen n wayen ay d-yeddan deg-s ttwaqeblen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna yimḍebber n Tuɣdaḍt n uɛawen n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen deg Libya (Unsmil), Bernardino Leon.  Idisan ilibiyen, menɣir tigrawin ay ibanen d tirebrabin, ugin akk leṣnaf n tgermant tabeṛṛanit yerna mɛahaden akken ad d-afen tifrat i taluft-a yerna ad ḥerzen tanaya n Libya, tadukli-nnes taɣelnawt d tummda n wakal-nnes.  Ɣef ljal n yisurifen-a ay d-yellan ɣer sdat ay rran Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen tajmilt i Ldzayer ɣef dduṛ-nnes.  « Snemmireɣ Lezzayer ɣef ubdad-nnes i lmendad, asseddu n lecɣal d umɛawen ameqran, yesɛan azal deg temsalt-a, yerna lemmer maci d aya akk, akala-a n talwit ur yessawaḍ ara ɣer da, acku la nettwali dakken ur nettɛeḍḍil ara ad naweḍ ɣer tifrat tasertit deg Libya », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Mass Leon.  Maca yessefk ad nesteɛṛef dakken werɛad ur yessaweḍ ara umciweṛ-a ad d-yejmeɛ akk idisan ilibiyen akken ad xedmen kifkif skud werɛad ur ddukklen ara deg unrar.  « Seg-a ɣer da ad d-yini Bernardino Leon dakken qrib ad tefru taluft. Maca ula ma yetteddu, yetteqqal, ur yessaweḍ ara ad d-yejmeɛ ɣer yiwen n umkan imḍebbren n Ugmuḍ [Ccerq] d Utaram [Lɣerb] n Libya. Ma deg unrar, simal la trennu trewwi tegnit », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Moncef Djaziri, d amnadi deg tesdawit n Lausanne.  Tigrawin tirebrabin la d-ttalint: d amihi n tidet  Timura n umaḍal ttwalint dakken amihi ameqran deg Libya netta d alluy n tegrawin tirebrabin (Daɛec, Anṣar al Charia, Lqaɛida). Tigrawin-a sɛant wid yeddan yid-sent s tuffra deg yal tamdint, yerna sɛant ifadden akken ad nnaɣent imi ay kkatent akken ad ḍḍfent apitṛul yerna ad smeɣrent akal-nsent.  Irebraben-a tteddun, tteqqalen akken ay asen-yehwa deg tmiwa d timeqranin, nnig waya, sɛan leslaḥat seg yal ṣṣenf. Dɣa d aya ay yeswaɣen tagnit n tɣellist (laman).  Timenɣiwt n 28 n Yityupiyen d ttbut dakken ala d tifrat tasertit ara inefɛen deg Libya. Timenɣiwt-a ssaẓrent-tt tmura n umaḍal, yerna aya yesmektay-d dakken ur tezmir ara akk ad tɛawed ad tettwabnu tmurt ma ur yekkis ara rrebrab. I lmend n waya, yessefk ula d imenkaren imsellḥen (ur yellin ara d imeḍḍurfa) ad ttekkin deg umciweṛ.  Attekki-nsen, ɣef wakken ay d-nnan yimazzayen, d ccerḍ i usserked n tmurt, yerna aya ad yessiweḍ daɣ ɣer tukksa n leslaḥ i temlicin timsellḥin, am wakken ara d-yessebɛed kra n yimḍebbren n tegrawla ɣef yimeḍḍurfa imsellḥen ay d-yusan seg melmi kan ɣer Libya.  Ɣef waya, Tuṛuft ed Tefriqt « cerḍent-d » ad d-tili tifrat tasertit gar tegrawin tixṣimin n Libya i lmend n uɛawed n lebni n uwanak (ddula), ɣef wakken ay d-yenna ass n laṛebɛa uselway n Tseqqamut tuṛufit, Jean-Claude Juncker.  « Necreḍ-d, ɣer yidis n Tseqqamut n Tdukli tafriqit, dakken idisan ay yettekkan deg ukala n umsuɣal deg Libya ad msefhamen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Mass Juncker mi yesqerdec d temtilt-nnes tafriqit, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.  « Neḥwaj idis ayɣef yella lettkal yerna yerked deg Libya akken ad d-yili umciweṛ yid-s », ɣef wakken ay d-iḥettet. Dɣa ayen igerrzen akk, ɣef leḥsab n Massa Zuma, netta d amsefham gar yiɣallen ilibiyen ur yellin d imeḍḍurfa, acku « mi ara d-yili yilem, ad t-ccaṛen wiyaḍ », ɣef wakken ay d-tenna.  « Ur nzemmer ara ad nefru ugur n Libya s kra kan n tyitiwin n yidṛunen neɣ s kra n lecɣal iserdasiyen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna uselway Barack Obama deg wass n 17 Yebrir, mi d-yerza Uneɣlaf amenzu aṭalyani Matteo Renzi ɣef Washington.  « Yessefk ad d-nerr talwit d tɣellist [laman] deg tmurt-a (…), Libya d ugur agraɣlan ay yeḥwajen ad yefru s usarag agraɣlan », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna.  Amxaṣem deg udabu  Tamurt attan imir-a tebḍa ɣef sin n yinabaḍen d sin n yimnan, yiwen n unabaḍ atan deg tmaneɣt [Ṭrables], wayeḍ atan deg Tubruk, ɣef tlisa n Maṣer, yerna yal yiwen seg-seg yeḥseb iman-nnes d netta kan ay yesɛan azref ad yili.  Arkad n udabu ttwalint-tt tmura n umaḍal d asurif s wazal-nnes i uɛawed n lebni n uwanak (ddula) yerna d ayen ara iḥebsen imenɣi deg tmurt.  D acu kan, assemqarab n sin-a n yinabaḍen gar-asen d ccɣel iweɛṛen aṭas. Yiwen seg yinabaḍen-a atan deg Ṭrables yerna yeqqen ɣer temlicin n « Fajr Libya », ma d wayeḍ, win ayyes steɛṛfen lejnas, atan imir-a deg temdint n Al-Baida (1200 n yikilumitren deg ugmuḍ n Ṭrables) ay d-yezgan sdat Tubruk.  S waya, tawennaḍt tasertit n Libya teftutes yerna aya yella-d deg tegnit aydeg simal la d-rennunt tenṭagin tirebrabin. Dɣa, akken ad yefru waya, yessefk ad mɛawanen yixṣimen deg unnar akken ad kksen rrebrab. 
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Ferru n taluft n Libya: da tettaẓ, da teḥbes Sɣur Rebiha Akriche  Aṭas n yiɣisan ay iwten deg Libya aydeg ay yerwi kullec seg 2011. Lemcawṛat ay d-yebdan deg Ldzayer d asurif aydeg yella ussirem, maca deg tidet, abrid n umsuɣal ad yiɣzif skud tigrawin ay yemcewwalen gar-asent ur msefhament ara ɣef umtawa aydeg ara sɛunt tamuɣli tucrikt ɣef uzekka n tmurt.  Tella-d tebdammast ddaw leɛnaya n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen i lmend n lemcawṛat gar tegrawin yemcewwalen, yerna tiddit n lemcawṛat-a ɣer sdat d tin ay yejjan « ad d-yennulfu useqqamu aselwayan ara sseddunt tugniwin [ccexṣeyyat] timzirgin, ad d-yili unabaḍ [lḥukuma] n tdukli taɣelnawt d umni aydeg ara ttekkin yigensasen n wakk Ilibiyen ». Ldzayer, ay yellan d tamurt ay la yetturaren dduṛ deg ussifses n lemcawṛat-a, tettekka daɣ deg uheyyi n yiwet n tewriqt n ubrid ara ḍefren yidisan ay terza temsalt deg ukala-a n umsuɣal.  Tuzzya tis snat n umciweṛ i ferru n taluft tasertit-taɣellisant deg Libya tella-d deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, yerna tejja wid ay yettekkan deg-s ad deqqeqen tamuɣli deg lkaɣeḍ-a (ay yettwaqeddmen daɣ i Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen), yerna tella-d « tdukli d tameqrant deg tmuɣliwin » deg wayen yerzan aya.  « Ula ma mazal mgerradent tmuɣliwin deg wayen yerzan kra n temsal n lkaɣeḍ-a ayɣef d-yella usqerdec, llsisan imeqranen n wayen ay d-yeddan deg-s ttwaqeblen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna yimḍebber n Tuɣdaḍt n uɛawen n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen deg Libya (Unsmil), Bernardino Leon.  Idisan ilibiyen, menɣir tigrawin ay ibanen d tirebrabin, ugin akk leṣnaf n tgermant tabeṛṛanit yerna mɛahaden akken ad d-afen tifrat i taluft-a yerna ad ḥerzen tanaya n Libya, tadukli-nnes taɣelnawt d tummda n wakal-nnes. Ɣef ljal n yisurifen-a ay d-yellan ɣer sdat ay rran Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen tajmilt i Ldzayer ɣef dduṛ-nnes.  « Snemmireɣ Lezzayer ɣef ubdad-nnes i lmendad, asseddu n lecɣal d umɛawen ameqran, yesɛan azal deg temsalt-a, yerna lemmer maci d aya akk, akala-a n talwit ur yessawaḍ ara ɣer da, acku la nettwali dakken ur nettɛeḍḍil ara ad naweḍ ɣer tifrat tasertit deg Libya », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Mass Leon.  Maca yessefk ad nesteɛṛef dakken werɛad ur yessaweḍ ara umciweṛ-a ad d-yejmeɛ akk idisan ilibiyen akken ad xedmen kifkif skud werɛad ur ddukklen ara deg unrar.  « Seg-a ɣer da ad d-yini Bernardino Leon dakken qrib ad tefru taluft. Maca ula ma yetteddu, yetteqqal, ur yessaweḍ ara ad d-yejmeɛ ɣer yiwen n umkan imḍebbren n Ugmuḍ [Ccerq] d Utaram [Lɣerb] n Libya. Ma deg unrar, simal la trennu trewwi tegnit », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Moncef Djaziri, d amnadi deg tesdawit n Lausanne.   Tigrawin tirebrabin la d-ttalint: d amihi n tidet  Timura n umaḍal ttwalint dakken amihi ameqran deg Libya netta d alluy n tegrawin tirebrabin (Daɛec, Anṣar al Charia, Lqaɛida). Tigrawin-a sɛant wid yeddan yid-sent s tuffra deg yal tamdint, yerna sɛant ifadden akken ad nnaɣent imi ay kkatent akken ad ḍḍfent apitṛul yerna ad smeɣrent akal-nsent.  Irebraben-a tteddun, tteqqalen akken ay asen-yehwa deg tmiwa d timeqranin, nnig waya, sɛan leslaḥat seg yal ṣṣenf. Dɣa d aya ay yeswaɣen tagnit n tɣellist (laman).  Timenɣiwt n 28 n Yityupiyen d ttbut dakken ala d tifrat tasertit ara inefɛen deg Libya. Timenɣiwt-a ssaẓrent-tt tmura n umaḍal, yerna aya yesmektay-d dakken ur tezmir ara akk ad tɛawed ad tettwabnu tmurt ma ur yekkis ara rrebrab. I lmend n waya, yessefk ula d imenkaren imsellḥen (ur yellin ara d imeḍḍurfa) ad ttekkin deg umciweṛ.  Attekki-nsen, ɣef wakken ay d-nnan yimazzayen, d ccerḍ i usserked n tmurt, yerna aya ad yessiweḍ daɣ ɣer tukksa n leslaḥ i temlicin timsellḥin, am wakken ara d-yessebɛed kra n yimḍebbren n tegrawla ɣef yimeḍḍurfa imsellḥen ay d-yusan seg melmi kan ɣer Libya.  Ɣef waya, Tuṛuft ed Tefriqt « cerḍent-d » ad d-tili tifrat tasertit gar tegrawin tixṣimin n Libya i lmend n uɛawed n lebni n uwanak (ddula), ɣef wakken ay d-yenna ass n laṛebɛa uselway n Tseqqamut tuṛufit, Jean-Claude Juncker.  « Necreḍ-d, ɣer yidis n Tseqqamut n Tdukli tafriqit, dakken idisan ay yettekkan deg ukala n umsuɣal deg Libya ad msefhamen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Mass Juncker mi yesqerdec d temtilt-nnes tafriqit, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.  « Neḥwaj idis ayɣef yella lettkal yerna yerked deg Libya akken ad d-yili umciweṛ yid-s », ɣef wakken ay d-iḥettet. Dɣa ayen igerrzen akk, ɣef leḥsab n Massa Zuma, netta d amsefham gar yiɣallen ilibiyen ur yellin d imeḍḍurfa, acku « mi ara d-yili yilem, ad t-ccaṛen wiyaḍ », ɣef wakken ay d-tenna.  « Ur nzemmer ara ad nefru ugur n Libya s kra kan n tyitiwin n yidṛunen neɣ s kra n lecɣal iserdasiyen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna uselway Barack Obama deg wass n 17 Yebrir, mi d-yerza Uneɣlaf amenzu aṭalyani Matteo Renzi ɣef Washington.  « Yessefk ad d-nerr talwit d tɣellist [laman] deg tmurt-a (…), Libya d ugur agraɣlan ay yeḥwajen ad yefru s usarag agraɣlan », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna.  Amxaṣem deg udabu  Tamurt attan imir-a tebḍa ɣef sin n yinabaḍen d sin n yimnan, yiwen n unabaḍ atan deg tmaneɣt [Ṭrables], wayeḍ atan deg Tubruk, ɣef tlisa n Maṣer, yerna yal yiwen seg-seg yeḥseb iman-nnes d netta kan ay yesɛan azref ad yili.  Arkad n udabu ttwalint-tt tmura n umaḍal d asurif s wazal-nnes i uɛawed n lebni n uwanak (ddula) yerna d ayen ara iḥebsen imenɣi deg tmurt.  D acu kan, assemqarab n sin-a n yinabaḍen gar-asen d ccɣel iweɛṛen aṭas. Yiwen seg yinabaḍen-a atan deg Ṭrables yerna yeqqen ɣer temlicin n « Fajr Libya », ma d wayeḍ, win ayyes steɛṛfen lejnas, atan imir-a deg temdint n Al-Baida (1200 n yikilumitren deg ugmuḍ n Ṭrables) ay d-yezgan sdat Tubruk.  S waya, tawennaḍt tasertit n Libya teftutes yerna aya yella-d deg tegnit aydeg simal la d-rennunt tenṭagin tirebrabin. Dɣa, akken ad yefru waya, yessefk ad mɛawanen yixṣimen deg unnar akken ad kksen rrebrab.
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Tamsalt n Uneẓruf Utrim, lejnas d uqader n yizerfan n umdan Ldzayer Tamaneɣt – Yebrir 2015 – Tamsalt n Uneẓruf Utrim tessers ass-a, ugar n zik, lejnas d tsuda-nsen deg yiwet n tegnit aydeg ara d-banen ma ad gen lwajeb-nsen deg wayen yerzan aqader n yizerfan n llsas n yiɣerfan, ladɣa aqader n uzref n yiɣerfan deg ferru n uzekka-nsen, am wakken ay d-yesskanay waya arma d anda ay wejden lejnas ad awḍen deg wayen yerzan aḥuddu n yizerfan n umdan, imi kra n yidisan ttnadin kan ɣef nnfeɛ-nsen, yerna d aya ay yejjan Meṛṛuk ad tkemmel tikli-nnes n uɛfas ay d-yetteqqalen n yizerfan n Yiṣeḥrawiyen sdat umaḍal s lekmal-nnes.  Kuẓet n tmerwin (40) n yiseggasen aya seg wasmi ay d-tella taluft-a n Uneẓruf Utrim ay d-yeqqimen d tamurt taneggarut ay d-mazal tettwaḍḍef deg Tefriqt, yerna babent-d seg waya snat n tɣawsiwin: amaḍal la yezzuɣur aḍar deg ferru n taluft-a ay yeqqnen ɣer umezruy aberkan n ussehres (listiɛmaṛ) deg Tefriqt, ɣas akken taluft-a tḥuza ula d taɣellist d urkad n Tefriqt n Ugafa d Ssaḥel, dɣa d aya ara yejjen ccek ad d-yili deg uɛewwel n tsuda tigraɣlanin akken ad frunt taluft-a, ladɣa Iɣlanen Yeddukklen.  Ula ma ɛeddan 4 n yimura imuta ɣef Tuddsa n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ay d-yelhan s ferru s talwit n wugur-a, teqqim taluft-a d tameṛhunt deg usleɛbeṭ n Meṛṛuk, yerna ttekkant deg waya aṭas n tmura ay yettzuxxun s uḥuddu n tugdut d yizerfan n umdan.   Ma d taɣawsa tis snat nettat d tuḍḍfa n uɣref aṣeḥrawi deg yimenɣi-nnes akken ad d-iḥelli tilelli-nnes, ad iḥudd nnif-nnes yerna ad yennaɣ ɣef tmurt-nnes s wakk ibriden, ladɣa abrid n talwit d tdiplumatit, dɣa d aya ay d-yesskanayen dakken aɣref-a yeḍḍef deg yimenzayen n tɣerma, ɣas akken atan la yettqabal akk leṣnaf n lbaṭel, n utɛeddi d uḥṛam seg wayla, war ma yella ula d yiwen ara ten-iḥudden.  D acu kan, ɣas yella-d ubrid n umciweṛ i ferru n wugur s talwit gar terni n Polisario d Meṛṛuk, ar ass-a werɛad ur d-iban ara kra n nnfeɛ seg waya ɣef ljal n tsertit tameṛṛukit n usafu ireɣɣen dima ɣer sdat, imi ay tɣil Rrbaṭ dakken ma tga aya, ad tessefcel Iṣeḥrawiyen, ur ttkemmilen ara imenɣi-nsen, yerna ad yettu umaḍal aɛfas arrayan n yizerfan n uɣref aṣeḥrawi.  Minurso d ccɣel-nnes iḍaɛen  S waya, iban dakken yergel ubrid adiplumati, ma d izerfan mazal la ttwaɛfasen s lejheṛ, ma d Tuɣdaḍt n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen i Tsefrant deg Uneẓruf Utrim (Minurso) teqqim kan deg umkan-nnes azal n 24 n yiseggasen (gan-tt-id s tneɣtust tis 690 n Yebrir 1991), yerna ur tgi ula d yiwen n usurif ɣer sdat ɣef wakken ay d-yenna umaru amatu n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen Ban Ki-moon s timmad-nnes ay d-iwekkden deg uṛabul-nnes n useggas yezrin dakken « yessefk ad tettwaɛaded tmuɣli deg temsalt-a s lekmal-nnes » deg Useqqamu n tɣellist.   Yuɣ lḥal, akk iṛabulen n umaru amatu n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen seg 2008, ttinin-d s usḥissef, dakken Iɣlanen Yeddukklen ur sɛin ara kra n tsudut ara iɛassen izerfan n umdan deg Uneẓruf Utrim, yerna Tagensest taɛlayant n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ur tesɛi ara akk tanarit (lbiru) deg tama-a i lmend n tɛessast n yizerfan n umdan ay la yettwaɛfasen ugar tagara-a.  Ɣef ljal n usleɛbeṭ n udabu ameṛṛuki, d win aydeg yekcem nnfeɛ adamsan ay yettɣelliten lxir n ugama aṣeḥrawi, yugi Useqqamu n tɣellist snat n tikkal ɣef usref (2013 d 2015) assemɣer n yizerfan n Minurso akken ad teqqel ad tettɛassa tagnit n yizerfan n umdan deg yikallen yettwaḍḍfen, yerna d nettat ay d tasudut tawḥidt n ṣṣenf-a deg umaḍal ur yesɛin ara azref akken ad tɛass izerfan n umdan, dɣa s waya ara d-iban dakken Minurso ur tessaweḍ ara ad teḍmen taɣellist (laman) i uɣref aṣeḥrawi, yerna ahat ur tettɛeḍḍil ara ad tettwafsex.  Ɣas akken, tuɣdaḍt n Minurso telha-d s yiwen n ccɣel d ameqran, d win n uheyyi n tsefrant deg Uneẓruf Utrim akken ad tt-id-frun yimezdaɣen n wakal-a ɣef wanwa ara ten-iḥekmen s uḍman n talwit deg tmurt-nsen, yerna Minurso tettṣerrif yal aseggas 52 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen ɣef ccɣel-a, war ma tessaweḍ ad d-teg tasefrant-a, am wakken ur tessaweḍ ara ad tesselhu u lemmer s cwiṭ tagnit n Yiṣeḥrawiyen deg unrar.  Tagnit-a ay iɛeḍḍlen acḥal tecɣeb aṭas n tuddsiwin n yizerfan n umdan am Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International d Tesbeddit n Robert Kennedy i udafeɛ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, d Tesmilt n Temsetlelt n Ustṛalya d Uɣref Aṣeḥrawi, d Umussu n Yimasiḥiyen i lmend n tukksa n uɛetteb d 17 n tuddsiwin tifṛensisin ay yessutren seg melmi kan deg Pari dakken taɛessast n yizerfan n umdan d usseḥṛes ɣef uqader-nsen deg Uneẓruf Utrim yessefk ad kecmen deg lecɣal n Minurso akken ay kecmen deg lecɣal n tuɣdaḍin niḍen n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen deg umaḍal.  Ayen ay d-yeḍran deg uḥric n yizerfan n umdan ur yettwasfaḍ ara seg ccfawat  Maca imi amezruy ur yettettu, tijrimin n « ussenger » ay iga udabu ameṛṛuki deg Uneẓruf Utrim (Ṣṣeḥra Taɣerbit) gar 1975 d 1991 mazal-itent d acamiḍ deg umezruy n Meṛṛuk. Ugar n 15 n yiseggasen deffir ma llant-d tejrimin-a, ttwattehmen 11 n yimḍebbren iɣarimen d yiserdasiyen n tmurt n Meṛṛuk s « tummɣa tarrayant » ɣef yiɣarimen deg tallit-nni deg uxxam n ccṛeɛ n Spenyul ay d-yelhan d temsal tukrisin.  Ṛṛay-a n ccreɛ aspenyuli yeffeɣ-d deg wass n 9 Yebrir 2015, yerna  d win d-yellan deffir uḥtac-nni ay d-yebda lqaḍi Baltazar Garzon deg 2007, d aḥtac ay d-ikecfen tidet yessexlaɛen n « tikli taweḥcit » ay d-wwin yiɣallen n tuḍḍfa n Meṛṛuk mgal uɣref aṣeḥrawi, yerna yewweḍ waya armi d « assenger arrayan ».  Yerna yenna-d uḥtac n Garzon dakken ayen ay tga Meṛṛuk deg tallit-nni yettwaḥseb d « tajrimt n ussenger imi ay llan akk yiferdisen yettekkan deg tejrimt-a, ladɣa imi wid ay yenḍerren seg waya ttwaḍelmen ɣef ljal n laṣel-nsen (aṣeḥrawi) yerna iswi n waya netta d assenger n uḥric neɣ n wakk aɣref-a d tuḍḍfa n wakal-nnes, Aneẓruf Utrim », am wakken ay « ttewten s lbumbat yigriren n yiɣarimen », yerna « ttwasgujjen yiɣarimen bessif » am wakken ay « llan Yiṣeḥrawiyen ay yettwenɣan, wid ay yettwaḍḍfen d wid ay iɛerqen ».   Seg gar liḥalat yessexlaɛen akk ay d-yeddan deg uṛabul n uḥtac-nni, d tin n Hadram Abderrahmane, ay wwin seg uxxam-nnes ass n 15 Dujembeṛ 1975, kksen-as bessif alufan ay d-mazal yetteṭṭeḍ ɣer-s, yerna werɛad ur yeqfil aseggas imir-nni, sakkin qqimen ttɛettiben-tt ayyur d uzgen, « akud n uɛetteb ur yesɛi ara tilisa, yerna ttajjan-tt kan ad tesgunfu gar 10 d 15 n tedqiqin », am wakken ay « tɛeddan ɣef nnif-nnes », yerna llan « ttɛelliqen-tt seg yiḍarren, iɣef-nnes d akessar, sakkin kkaten-tt s uɛekkaz », am wakken « ay tt-ssersen ɣef ṭṭabla d taɛeryant yerna wten-tt armi ay yeslex uglim-nnes », ɣef leḥsab n uḥtac-nni.  Lqaḍi Garzon yebder-d daɣ liḥala n Omar Bouzid Ahmed Biba, d amsenzu (ttajer), ḍḍfen-t yiferdisen n tuḍḍfa ass n 10 Yulyu 1976 deg temdint n Smara yettwaḍḍfen, yerna « ɛettben-t 4 n wayyuren d 15 n wussan s trisiti deg yimḍiqen uffiren n tfekka-nnes, deg yimi d yiḍudan », sakkin yeɛreq, ur teẓri ara akk twacult-nnes anda yella.  D acu kan, tiɣawsiwin-a maci d timaynutin deg udabu ameṛṛuki, imi gar Yebrir 2014 d Meɣres 2015, llant-d deg Uneẓruf Utrim 265 n liḥalat n uɛfas n yizerfan n umdan, gar-asent liḥalat n uɛetteb, n tmenɣiwt, n uḥbas war ssebba, d usseqdec n yiɣil ɣef leḥsab n uṛabul aneggaru n Usenduq anuṛwiji agraɣlan n uɛawen n yinelmaden d yesdawanin ay d-yeffɣen deg Yebrir s uzwel n « Ayen ay la yettwaxdamen yerna ur d-yelli uɛaqeb fell-as ».  Ula d agama ur yeslik ara seg utɛeddi  Ula d agama ur yeslik ara seg utɛeddi ameṛṛuki ay yesɛan udmawen yemgerraden, dɣa Meṛṛuk tefka azref i yiman-nnes akken ad teffeɣ i lqanun agraɣlan yerzan ikallen ur yesɛin azarug, yerna attan la tettɣellit lminat d lxir yellan deg lebḥeṛ d wakal aṣeḥrawi yettwaḍḍfen, am wakken ay d-tesban nneyya-nnes akken ad tkemmel tikli-nnes tameḍḍalmut, d tin ixulfen tikli n ferru n taluft-a s talwit.  Dɣa deg temsalt-a, yenna-d uneṣṣaḥ aqanuni aswidi aqbur n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen, Hans Korell, deg yiwen n umagrad ay d-yessuffeɣ seg melmi kan deg udeg n « International Judicial Monitor » dakken aɣellet n lxir ay yellan deg ugama n Uneẓruf Utrim d ucci n lḥeqq n yiṣeḥrawiyen yerna aya d tuffɣa i yimenzayen n lqanun agraɣlan.  Seg tama niḍen, Mass Korell yenna-d ass n 29 Yennayer 2002, deg « ṛṛay-nnes seg yidis n lqanun » ay d-yesban deg wayen yerzan assuter n Useqqamu n tɣellist (laman), « s kra n uxeddim n ussenqed d uɣellet n lxir ay d-yettilin deg Uneẓruf Utrim, yettili-d d ucci n lḥeqq n uɣref aṣeḥrawi yerna aya d tuffɣa i lqanun agraɣlan ay yeqqnen ɣer lxir yellan deg yikallen ur d-yefrin ara anwa ara ten-iḥekmen ».  Deg wayen yerzan lxir n ugama n Uneẓruf Utrim, yenna-d Korell dakken « Aseqqamu n tɣellist ur yezmir ara ad yejj ad tkemmel tegnit-a », am wakken ay d-yenna dakken « amtawa n ṣṣyada n yiselman gar Tdukli Tuṛufit d Meṛṛuk d taɣawsa tamihawt s waṭas imi ur d-yebdir ara akk dakken tillin n udabu ameṛṛuki deg waman n Uneẓruf Utrim d win ay yessefken ad iqader ilugan igraɣlanen yerzan ferru n wanwa ara iḥekmen akal-a ».  D acu kan, iduba imeṛṛukiyen atni la sseɛjalen axeddim-nsen n ussenqed n wakal n Uneẓruf Utrim akken ad d-afen tiɣbula n wafud, am wakken ay ɛawden leɛqudat n uɣellet d tkebbaniyin n upitṛul. Mac akra seg tsuda ay ireḍlen idrimen i Meṛṛuk, gar-asent Tabanka Tamaḍlant d Tbanka talmanit d Tbanka tuṛufit ussefti d Tdukli Tuṛufit, nnant-d dakken ur ttakfent ara idrimen i yisenfaren ara yettwaxedmen deg Uneẓruf Utrim akken « ad ḍḍfent talemmast »  deg wayen yerzan taluft-a.
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Tasiwelt n wass 17:31, 30 Yebrir 2015


ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵥ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵃⴱⴻⵙ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⴻⴱⵉⵀⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵛⵀⴻ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵡⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵔⵡⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⴻⵛ ⵙⴻⴳ 2011. ⵍⴻⵎⵛⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⴻⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⴻⵜ, ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵙⴽⵓⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵎⵛⴻⵡⵡⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴻⴼⵀⴰⵎⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⵄⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵣⴻⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⵜⴻⴱⴷⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵍⴻⵄⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵎⵛⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵎⵛⴻⵡⵡⴰⵍⴻⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵎⵛⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ-ⴰ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵊⵊⴰⵏ « ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⵙⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ [ⵛⵛⴻⵅⵚⴻⵢⵢⴰⵜ] ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ [ⵍⵃⵓⴽⵓⵎⴰ] ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵍⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴻⵏⵙⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⴻⵏ ». ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ, ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵢ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵕ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵎⵛⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ-ⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵡⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴹⴻⴼⵔⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵜⴻⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⴰ-ⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ. ⵜⵓⵣⵣⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵉⵡⴻⵕ ⵉ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴻⵖⵜ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵊⵊⴰ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ-ⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴻⵇⵇⴻⵇⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⵖⴻⴹ-ⴰ (ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⴻⴷⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ), ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ « ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ » ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. « ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵎⴳⴻⵔⵔⴰⴷⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵖⴻⴹ-ⴰ ⴰⵢⵖⴻⴼ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⴻⵔⴷⴻⵛ, ⵍⵍⵙⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ-ⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⴻⴱⵍⴻⵏ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⴹⴻⴱⴱⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴷⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ (ⵓⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍ), ⴱⴻⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⵧ ⵍⴻⵧⵏ. ⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⴻⵏ, ⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ, ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵍⴻⵚⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵎⵄⴰⵀⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴻⵔⵣⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵍⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ. Ɣⴻⴼ ⵍⵊⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⴻⵏ-ⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵢ ⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ ⵖⴻⴼ ⴷⴷⵓⵕ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ. « ⵙⵏⴻⵎⵎⵉⵔⴻⵖ ⵍⴻⵣⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⴱⴷⴰⴷ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷⴰⴷ, ⴰⵙⵙⴻⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵛⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ-ⴰ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵍⴻⵎⵎⴻⵔ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍⴰ-ⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴷⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⴰ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⵄⴻⴹⴹⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵡⴻⴹ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⴻⵧⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵙⵜⴻⵄⵕⴻⴼ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵡⴻⵔⵄⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴰⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵛⵉⵡⴻⵕ-ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵊⵎⴻⵄ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⴽⵉⴼⴽⵉⴼ ⵙⴽⵓⴷ ⵡⴻⵔⵄⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ. « ⵙⴻⴳ-ⴰ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴱⴻⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⵧ ⵍⴻⵧⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵇⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓ, ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⵇⵇⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴰⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵊⵎⴻⵄ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴻⴱⴱⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ [ⵛⵛⴻⵔⵇ] ⴷ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ [ⵍⵖⴻⵔⴱ] ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ. ⵎⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⴰ ⵜⵔⴻⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⵔⴻⵡⵡⵉ ⵜⴻⴳⵏⵉⵜ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵧⵏⵛⴻⴼ ⴷⵊⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏⴻ. ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⵍⴰ ⴷ-ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜ: ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴻⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵀⵉ ⴰⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ (ⴷⴰⵄⴻⵛ, ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵔ ⴰⵍ ⵛⵀⴰⵔⵉⴰ, ⵍⵇⴰⵄⵉⴷⴰ). ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ-ⴰ ⵙⵄⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷ-ⵙⴻⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵔⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵙⵄⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵖⴻⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵒⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴻⵖⵔⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱⴻⵏ-ⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⵜⵜⴻⵇⵇⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴻⵏ-ⵢⴻⵀⵡⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⵍⴻⵙⵍⴰⵃⴰⵜ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⴰⵍ ⵚⵚⴻⵏⴼ. ⴷⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵙⵡⴰⵖⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ (ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ). ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ 28 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵢⵓⵒⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴱⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴻⴼⵄⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ-ⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⵥⵔⴻⵏⵜ-ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⵎⴻⴽⵜⴰⵢ-ⴷ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵄⴰⵡⴻⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵏⵓ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵔⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱ. ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⵏⴽⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⵍⵍⵃⴻⵏ (ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⴹⴹⵓⵔⴼⴰ) ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⵉⵡⴻⵕ. ⴰⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⵉ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⴻⵔⴹ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵔⴽⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⵉⵡⴻⴹ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵙⵍⴰⵃ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵎⵍⵉⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴻⵍⵍⵃⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴱⵄⴻⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴹⴻⴱⴱⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⴹⴹⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⵍⵍⵃⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵎⴻⵍⵎⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ. Ɣⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵜ ⴻⴷ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ « ⵛⴻⵔⴹⴻⵏⵜ-ⴷ » ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵚⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴰⵡⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⴽ (ⴷⴷⵓⵍⴰ), ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵕⴻⴱⵄⴰ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵉⵜ, ⵊⴻⴰⵏ-ⵛⵍⴰⵓⴷⴻ ⵊⵓⵏⵛⴽⴻⵔ. « ⵏⴻⵛⵔⴻⴹ-ⴷ, ⵖⴻⵔ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴻⴼⵀⴰⵎⴻⵏ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵊⵓⵏⵛⴽⴻⵔ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴻⵙⵇⴻⵔⴷⴻⵛ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⵜⵉⵍⵜ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ, ⵏⴽⵧⵙⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰ ⴷⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉ-ⵣⵓⵎⴰ. « ⵏⴻⵃⵡⴰⵊ ⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵖⴻⴼ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴻⵜⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵔⴽⴻⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵛⵉⵡⴻⵕ ⵢⵉⴷ-ⵙ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵉⵃⴻⵜⵜⴻⵜ. ⴷⵖⴰ ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵉⴳⴻⵔⵔⵣⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⴻⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵣⵓⵎⴰ, ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴻⴼⵀⴰⵎ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⴹⴹⵓⵔⴼⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ « ⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ-ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵎ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵛⵛⴰⵕⴻⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵜⴻⵏⵏⴰ. « ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⴻⵎⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⵓ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵕⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵖ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵛⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴻⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵢⴻⵏ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵛⴽ ⵧⴱⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⵢⴻⴱⵔⵉⵔ, ⵎⵉ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰ ⵓⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴻⵏⵣⵓ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴻⵧ ⵔⴻⵏⵣⵉ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵀⵉⵏⴳⵜⵧⵏ. « ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵏⴻⵔⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ [ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ] ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ-ⴰ (…), ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵃⵡⴰⵊⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⴼⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ. ⴰⵎⵅⴰⵚⴻⵎ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ-ⴰ ⵜⴻⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴻⵖⵜ [ⵟⵔⴰⴱⵍⴻⵙ], ⵡⴰⵢⴻⴹ ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵔⵓⴽ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵍⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⴻⵔ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ-ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⴻⵃⵙⴻⴱ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ. ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜ-ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵄⴰⵡⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⴽ (ⴷⴷⵓⵍⴰ) ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵃⴻⴱⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓ ⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵎⵇⴰⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ-ⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹⴻⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵖⴻⵍ ⵉⵡⴻⵄⵕⴻⵏ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ. ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹⴻⵏ-ⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵟⵔⴰⴱⵍⴻⵙ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵇⵇⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⴻⵎⵍⵉⵛⵉⵏ ⵏ « ⴼⴰⵊⵔ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ », ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⴹ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⴻⵙ ⵙⵜⴻⵄⵕⴼⴻⵏ ⵍⴻⵊⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ-ⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⴱⴰⵉⴷⴰ (1200 ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵟⵔⴰⴱⵍⴻⵙ) ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴱⵔⵓⴽ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴻⴼⵜⵓⵜⴻⵙ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⴰ ⴷ-ⵔⴻⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵏⵟⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ. ⴷⵖⴰ, ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⴼⵔⵓ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵄⴰⵡⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵅⵚⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵙⴻⵏ ⵔⵔⴻⴱⵔⴰⴱ.

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