Asebter amenzawi : Tameẓla gar ileqman

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Tamsalt n Uneẓruf Utrim, lejnas d uqader n yizerfan n umdan
  
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Ldzayer Tamaneɣt – Yebrir 2015 – Tamsalt n Uneẓruf Utrim tessers ass-a, ugar n zik, lejnas d tsuda-nsen deg yiwet n tegnit aydeg ara d-banen ma ad gen lwajeb-nsen deg wayen yerzan aqader n yizerfan n llsas n yiɣerfan, ladɣa aqader n uzref n yiɣerfan deg ferru n uzekka-nsen, am wakken ay d-yesskanay waya arma d anda ay wejden lejnas ad awḍen deg wayen yerzan aḥuddu n yizerfan n umdan, imi kra n yidisan ttnadin kan ɣef nnfeɛ-nsen, yerna d aya ay yejjan Meṛṛuk ad tkemmel tikli-nnes n uɛfas ay d-yetteqqalen n yizerfan n Yiṣeḥrawiyen sdat umaḍal s lekmal-nnes.
  
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Kuẓet n tmerwin (40) n yiseggasen aya seg wasmi ay d-tella taluft-a n Uneẓruf Utrim ay d-yeqqimen d tamurt taneggarut ay d-mazal tettwaḍḍef deg Tefriqt, yerna babent-d seg waya snat n tɣawsiwin: amaḍal la yezzuɣur aḍar deg ferru n taluft-a ay yeqqnen ɣer umezruy aberkan n ussehres (listiɛmaṛ) deg Tefriqt, ɣas akken taluft-a tḥuza ula d taɣellist d urkad n Tefriqt n Ugafa d Ssaḥel, dɣa d aya ara yejjen ccek ad d-yili deg uɛewwel n tsuda tigraɣlanin akken ad frunt taluft-a, ladɣa Iɣlanen Yeddukklen.
  
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Ula ma ɛeddan 4 n yimura imuta ɣef Tuddsa n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ay d-yelhan s ferru s talwit n wugur-a, teqqim taluft-a d tameṛhunt deg usleɛbeṭ n Meṛṛuk, yerna ttekkant deg waya aṭas n tmura ay yettzuxxun s uḥuddu n tugdut d yizerfan n umdan.
  
Ferru n taluft n Libya: da tettaẓ, da teḥbes
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Ma d taɣawsa tis snat nettat d tuḍḍfa n uɣref aṣeḥrawi deg yimenɣi-nnes akken ad d-iḥelli tilelli-nnes, ad iḥudd nnif-nnes yerna ad yennaɣ ɣef tmurt-nnes s wakk ibriden, ladɣa abrid n talwit d tdiplumatit, dɣa d aya ay d-yesskanayen dakken aɣref-a yeḍḍef deg yimenzayen n tɣerma, ɣas akken atan la yettqabal akk leṣnaf n lbaṭel, n utɛeddi d uḥṛam seg wayla, war ma yella ula d yiwen ara ten-iḥudden.
  
Sɣur Rebiha Akriche
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D acu kan, ɣas yella-d ubrid n umciweṛ i ferru n wugur s talwit gar terni n Polisario d Meṛṛuk, ar ass-a werɛad ur d-iban ara kra n nnfeɛ seg waya ɣef ljal n tsertit tameṛṛukit n usafu ireɣɣen dima ɣer sdat, imi ay tɣil Rrbaṭ dakken ma tga aya, ad tessefcel Iṣeḥrawiyen, ur ttkemmilen ara imenɣi-nsen, yerna ad yettu umaḍal aɛfas arrayan n yizerfan n uɣref aṣeḥrawi.
  
Aṭas n yiɣisan ay iwten deg Libya aydeg ay yerwi kullec seg 2011. Lemcawṛat ay d-yebdan deg Ldzayer d asurif aydeg yella ussirem, maca deg tidet, abrid n umsuɣal ad yiɣzif skud tigrawin ay yemcewwalen gar-asent ur msefhament ara ɣef umtawa aydeg ara sɛunt tamuɣli tucrikt ɣef uzekka n tmurt.
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Minurso d ccɣel-nnes iḍaɛen
  
Tella-d tebdammast ddaw leɛnaya n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen i lmend n lemcawṛat gar tegrawin yemcewwalen, yerna tiddit n lemcawṛat-a ɣer sdat d tin ay yejjan « ad d-yennulfu useqqamu aselwayan ara sseddunt tugniwin [ccexṣeyyat] timzirgin, ad d-yili unabaḍ [lḥukuma] n tdukli taɣelnawt d umni aydeg ara ttekkin yigensasen n wakk Ilibiyen ». Ldzayer, ay yellan d tamurt ay la yetturaren dduṛ deg ussifses n lemcawṛat-a, tettekka daɣ deg uheyyi n yiwet n tewriqt n ubrid ara ḍefren yidisan ay terza temsalt deg ukala-a n umsuɣal.  
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S waya, iban dakken yergel ubrid adiplumati, ma d izerfan mazal la ttwaɛfasen s lejheṛ, ma d Tuɣdaḍt n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen i Tsefrant deg Uneẓruf Utrim (Minurso) teqqim kan deg umkan-nnes azal n 24 n yiseggasen (gan-tt-id s tneɣtust tis 690 n Yebrir 1991), yerna ur tgi ula d yiwen n usurif ɣer sdat ɣef wakken ay d-yenna umaru amatu n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen Ban Ki-moon s timmad-nnes ay d-iwekkden deg uṛabul-nnes n useggas yezrin dakken « yessefk ad tettwaɛaded tmuɣli deg temsalt-a s lekmal-nnes » deg Useqqamu n tɣellist.
  
Tuzzya tis snat n umciweṛ i ferru n taluft tasertit-taɣellisant deg Libya tella-d deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, yerna tejja wid ay yettekkan deg-s ad deqqeqen tamuɣli deg lkaɣeḍ-a (ay yettwaqeddmen daɣ i Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen), yerna tella-d « tdukli d tameqrant deg tmuɣliwin » deg wayen yerzan aya.  
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Yuɣ lḥal, akk iṛabulen n umaru amatu n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen seg 2008, ttinin-d s usḥissef, dakken Iɣlanen Yeddukklen ur sɛin ara kra n tsudut ara iɛassen izerfan n umdan deg Uneẓruf Utrim, yerna Tagensest taɛlayant n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ur tesɛi ara akk tanarit (lbiru) deg tama-a i lmend n tɛessast n yizerfan n umdan ay la yettwaɛfasen ugar tagara-a.  
  
« Ula ma mazal mgerradent tmuɣliwin deg wayen yerzan kra n temsal n lkaɣeḍ-a ayɣef d-yella usqerdec, llsisan imeqranen n wayen ay d-yeddan deg-s ttwaqeblen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna yimḍebber n Tuɣdaḍt n uɛawen n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen deg Libya (Unsmil), Bernardino Leon.  
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Ɣef ljal n usleɛbeṭ n udabu ameṛṛuki, d win aydeg yekcem nnfeɛ adamsan ay yettɣelliten lxir n ugama aṣeḥrawi, yugi Useqqamu n tɣellist snat n tikkal ɣef usref (2013 d 2015) assemɣer n yizerfan n Minurso akken ad teqqel ad tettɛassa tagnit n yizerfan n umdan deg yikallen yettwaḍḍfen, yerna d nettat ay d tasudut tawḥidt n ṣṣenf-a deg umaḍal ur yesɛin ara azref akken ad tɛass izerfan n umdan, dɣa s waya ara d-iban dakken Minurso ur tessaweḍ ara ad teḍmen taɣellist (laman) i uɣref aṣeḥrawi, yerna ahat ur tettɛeḍḍil ara ad tettwafsex.  
  
Idisan ilibiyen, menɣir tigrawin ay ibanen d tirebrabin, ugin akk leṣnaf n tgermant tabeṛṛanit yerna mɛahaden akken ad d-afen tifrat i taluft-a yerna ad ḥerzen tanaya n Libya, tadukli-nnes taɣelnawt d tummda n wakal-nnes.
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Ɣas akken, tuɣdaḍt n Minurso telha-d s yiwen n ccɣel d ameqran, d win n uheyyi n tsefrant deg Uneẓruf Utrim akken ad tt-id-frun yimezdaɣen n wakal-a ɣef wanwa ara ten-iḥekmen s uḍman n talwit deg tmurt-nsen, yerna Minurso tettṣerrif yal aseggas 52 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen ɣef ccɣel-a, war ma tessaweḍ ad d-teg tasefrant-a, am wakken ur tessaweḍ ara ad tesselhu u lemmer s cwiṭ tagnit n Yiṣeḥrawiyen deg unrar.  
  
Ɣef ljal n yisurifen-a ay d-yellan ɣer sdat ay rran Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen tajmilt i Ldzayer ɣef dduṛ-nnes.
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Tagnit-a ay iɛeḍḍlen acḥal tecɣeb aṭas n tuddsiwin n yizerfan n umdan am Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International d Tesbeddit n Robert Kennedy i udafeɛ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, d Tesmilt n Temsetlelt n Ustṛalya d Uɣref Aṣeḥrawi, d Umussu n Yimasiḥiyen i lmend n tukksa n uɛetteb d 17 n tuddsiwin tifṛensisin ay yessutren seg melmi kan deg Pari dakken taɛessast n yizerfan n umdan d usseḥṛes ɣef uqader-nsen deg Uneẓruf Utrim yessefk ad kecmen deg lecɣal n Minurso akken ay kecmen deg lecɣal n tuɣdaḍin niḍen n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen deg umaḍal.  
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Ayen ay d-yeḍran deg uḥric n yizerfan n umdan ur yettwasfaḍ ara seg ccfawat
  
« Snemmireɣ Ldzayer ɣef ubdad-nnes i lmendad, asseddu n lecɣal d umɛawen ameqran, yesɛan azal deg temsalt-a, yerna lemmer maci d aya akk, akala-a n talwit ur yessawaḍ ara ɣer da, acku la nettwali dakken ur nettɛeḍḍil ara ad naweḍ ɣer tifrat tasertit deg Libya », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Mass Leon.  
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Maca imi amezruy ur yettettu, tijrimin n « ussenger » ay iga udabu ameṛṛuki deg Uneẓruf Utrim (Ṣṣeḥra Taɣerbit) gar 1975 d 1991 mazal-itent d acamiḍ deg umezruy n Meṛṛuk. Ugar n 15 n yiseggasen deffir ma llant-d tejrimin-a, ttwattehmen 11 n yimḍebbren iɣarimen d yiserdasiyen n tmurt n Meṛṛuk s « tummɣa tarrayant » ɣef yiɣarimen deg tallit-nni deg uxxam n ccṛeɛ n Spenyul ay d-yelhan d temsal tukrisin.  
  
Maca yessefk ad nesteɛṛef dakken werɛad ur yessaweḍ ara umciweṛ-a ad d-yejmeɛ akk idisan ilibiyen akken ad xedmen kifkif skud werɛad ur ddukklen ara deg unrar.  
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Ṛṛay-a n ccreɛ aspenyuli yeffeɣ-d deg wass n 9 Yebrir 2015, yerna  d win d-yellan deffir uḥtac-nni ay d-yebda lqaḍi Baltazar Garzon deg 2007, d aḥtac ay d-ikecfen tidet yessexlaɛen n « tikli taweḥcit » ay d-wwin yiɣallen n tuḍḍfa n Meṛṛuk mgal uɣref aṣeḥrawi, yerna yewweḍ waya armi d « assenger arrayan ».  
  
« Seg-a ɣer da ad d-yini Bernardino Leon dakken qrib ad tefru taluft. Maca ula ma yetteddu, yetteqqal, ur yessaweḍ ara ad d-yejmeɛ ɣer yiwen n umkan imḍebbren n Ugmuḍ [Ccerq] d Utaram [Lɣerb] n Libya. Ma deg unrar, simal la trennu trewwi tegnit », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Moncef Djaziri, d amnadi deg tesdawit n Lausanne.  
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Yerna yenna-d uḥtac n Garzon dakken ayen ay tga Meṛṛuk deg tallit-nni yettwaḥseb d « tajrimt n ussenger imi ay llan akk yiferdisen yettekkan deg tejrimt-a, ladɣa imi wid ay yenḍerren seg waya ttwaḍelmen ɣef ljal n laṣel-nsen (aṣeḥrawi) yerna iswi n waya netta d assenger n uḥric neɣ n wakk aɣref-a d tuḍḍfa n wakal-nnes, Aneẓruf Utrim », am wakken ay « ttewten s lbumbat yigriren n yiɣarimen », yerna « ttwasgujjen yiɣarimen bessif » am wakken ay « llan Yiṣeḥrawiyen ay yettwenɣan, wid ay yettwaḍḍfen d wid ay iɛerqen ».  
  
Tigrawin tirebrabin la d-ttalint: d amihi n tidet
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Seg gar liḥalat yessexlaɛen akk ay d-yeddan deg uṛabul n uḥtac-nni, d tin n Hadram Abderrahmane, ay wwin seg uxxam-nnes ass n 15 Dujembeṛ 1975, kksen-as bessif alufan ay d-mazal yetteṭṭeḍ ɣer-s, yerna werɛad ur yeqfil aseggas imir-nni, sakkin qqimen ttɛettiben-tt ayyur d uzgen, « akud n uɛetteb ur yesɛi ara tilisa, yerna ttajjan-tt kan ad tesgunfu gar 10 d 15 n tedqiqin », am wakken ay « tɛeddan ɣef nnif-nnes », yerna llan « ttɛelliqen-tt seg yiḍarren, iɣef-nnes d akessar, sakkin kkaten-tt s uɛekkaz », am wakken « ay tt-ssersen ɣef ṭṭabla d taɛeryant yerna wten-tt armi ay yeslex uglim-nnes », ɣef leḥsab n uḥtac-nni.
  
Timura n umaḍal ttwalint dakken amihi ameqran deg Libya netta d alluy n tegrawin tirebrabin (Daɛec, Anṣar al Charia, Lqaɛida). Tigrawin-a sɛant wid yeddan yid-sent s tuffra deg yal tamdint, yerna sɛant ifadden akken ad nnaɣent imi ay kkatent akken ad ḍḍfent apitṛul yerna ad smeɣrent akal-nsent.
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Lqaḍi Garzon yebder-d daɣ liḥala n Omar Bouzid Ahmed Biba, d amsenzu (ttajer), ḍḍfen-t yiferdisen n tuḍḍfa ass n 10 Yulyu 1976 deg temdint n Smara yettwaḍḍfen, yerna « ɛettben-t 4 n wayyuren d 15 n wussan s trisiti deg yimḍiqen uffiren n tfekka-nnes, deg yimi d yiḍudan », sakkin yeɛreq, ur teẓri ara akk twacult-nnes anda yella.  
  
Irebraben-a tteddun, tteqqalen akken ay asen-yehwa deg tmiwa d timeqranin, nnig waya, sɛan leslaḥat seg yal ṣṣenf. Dɣa d aya ay yeswaɣen tagnit n tɣellist (laman).  
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D acu kan, tiɣawsiwin-a maci d timaynutin deg udabu ameṛṛuki, imi gar Yebrir 2014 d Meɣres 2015, llant-d deg Uneẓruf Utrim 265 n liḥalat n uɛfas n yizerfan n umdan, gar-asent liḥalat n uɛetteb, n tmenɣiwt, n uḥbas war ssebba, d usseqdec n yiɣil ɣef leḥsab n uṛabul aneggaru n Usenduq anuṛwiji agraɣlan n uɛawen n yinelmaden d yesdawanin ay d-yeffɣen deg Yebrir s uzwel n « Ayen ay la yettwaxdamen yerna ur d-yelli uɛaqeb fell-as ».  
  
Timenɣiwt n 28 n Yityupiyen d ttbut dakken ala d tifrat tasertit ara inefɛen deg Libya. Timenɣiwt-a ssaẓrent-tt tmura n umaḍal, yerna aya yesmektay-d dakken ur tezmir ara akk ad tɛawed ad tettwabnu tmurt ma ur yekkis ara rrebrab. I lmend n waya, yessefk ula d imenkaren imsellḥen (ur yellin ara d imeḍḍurfa) ad ttekkin deg umciweṛ.
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Ula d agama ur yeslik ara seg utɛeddi
  
Attekki-nsen, ɣef wakken ay d-nnan yimazzayen, d ccerḍ i usserked n tmurt, yerna aya ad yessiweḍ daɣ ɣer tukksa n leslaḥ i temlicin timsellḥin, am wakken ara d-yessebɛed kra n yimḍebbren n tegrawla ɣef yimeḍḍurfa imsellḥen ay d-yusan seg melmi kan ɣer Libya.  
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Ula d agama ur yeslik ara seg utɛeddi ameṛṛuki ay yesɛan udmawen yemgerraden, dɣa Meṛṛuk tefka azref i yiman-nnes akken ad teffeɣ i lqanun agraɣlan yerzan ikallen ur yesɛin azarug, yerna attan la tettɣellit lminat d lxir yellan deg lebḥeṛ d wakal aṣeḥrawi yettwaḍḍfen, am wakken ay d-tesban nneyya-nnes akken ad tkemmel tikli-nnes tameḍḍalmut, d tin ixulfen tikli n ferru n taluft-a s talwit.  
  
Ɣef waya, Tuṛuft ed Tefriqt « cerḍent-d » ad d-tili tifrat tasertit gar tegrawin tixṣimin n Libya i lmend n uɛawed n lebni n uwanak (ddula), ɣef wakken ay d-yenna ass n laṛebɛa uselway n Tseqqamut tuṛufit, Jean-Claude Juncker.  
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Dɣa deg temsalt-a, yenna-d uneṣṣaḥ aqanuni aswidi aqbur n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen, Hans Korell, deg yiwen n umagrad ay d-yessuffeɣ seg melmi kan deg udeg n « International Judicial Monitor » dakken aɣellet n lxir ay yellan deg ugama n Uneẓruf Utrim d ucci n lḥeqq n yiṣeḥrawiyen yerna aya d tuffɣa i yimenzayen n lqanun agraɣlan.  
  
« Necreḍ-d, ɣer yidis n Tseqqamut n Tdukli tafriqit, dakken idisan ay yettekkan deg ukala n umsuɣal deg Libya ad msefhamen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Mass Juncker mi yesqerdec d temtilt-nnes tafriqit, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.
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Seg tama niḍen, Mass Korell yenna-d ass n 29 Yennayer 2002, deg « ṛṛay-nnes seg yidis n lqanun » ay d-yesban deg wayen yerzan assuter n Useqqamu n tɣellist (laman), « s kra n uxeddim n ussenqed d uɣellet n lxir ay d-yettilin deg Uneẓruf Utrim, yettili-d d ucci n lḥeqq n uɣref aṣeḥrawi yerna aya d tuffɣa i lqanun agraɣlan ay yeqqnen ɣer lxir yellan deg yikallen ur d-yefrin ara anwa ara ten-iḥekmen ».  
« Neḥwaj idis ayɣef yella lettkal yerna yerked deg Libya akken ad d-yili umciweṛ yid-s », ɣef wakken ay d-iḥettet. Dɣa ayen igerrzen akk, ɣef leḥsab n Massa Zuma, netta d amsefham gar yiɣallen ilibiyen ur yellin d imeḍḍurfa, acku « mi ara d-yili yilem, ad t-ccaṛen wiyaḍ », ɣef wakken ay d-tenna.  
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« Ur nzemmer ara ad nefru ugur n Libya s kra kan n tyitiwin n yidṛunen neɣ s kra n lecɣal iserdasiyen », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna uselway Barack Obama deg wass n 17 Yebrir, mi d-yerza Uneɣlaf amenzu aṭalyani Matteo Renzi ɣef Washington.  
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Deg wayen yerzan lxir n ugama n Uneẓruf Utrim, yenna-d Korell dakken « Aseqqamu n tɣellist ur yezmir ara ad yejj ad tkemmel tegnit-a », am wakken ay d-yenna dakken « amtawa n ṣṣyada n yiselman gar Tdukli Tuṛufit d Meṛṛuk d taɣawsa tamihawt s waṭas imi ur d-yebdir ara akk dakken tillin n udabu ameṛṛuki deg waman n Uneẓruf Utrim d win ay yessefken ad iqader ilugan igraɣlanen yerzan ferru n wanwa ara iḥekmen akal-a ».  
  
« Yessefk ad d-nerr talwit d tɣellist [laman] deg tmurt-a (…), Libya d ugur agraɣlan ay yeḥwajen ad yefru s usarag agraɣlan », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna.  
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D acu kan, iduba imeṛṛukiyen atni la sseɛjalen axeddim-nsen n ussenqed n wakal n Uneẓruf Utrim akken ad d-afen tiɣbula n wafud, am wakken ay ɛawden leɛqudat n uɣellet d tkebbaniyin n upitṛul. Mac akra seg tsuda ay ireḍlen idrimen i Meṛṛuk, gar-asent Tabanka Tamaḍlant d Tbanka talmanit d Tbanka tuṛufit ussefti d Tdukli Tuṛufit, nnant-d dakken ur ttakfent ara idrimen i yisenfaren ara yettwaxedmen deg Uneẓruf Utrim akken « ad ḍḍfent talemmast » deg wayen yerzan taluft-a.  
  
Amxaṣem deg udabu
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Deg yiwen n uṛabul n Tuddsa n tɛessast n teɣbula n ugama n Uneẓruf Utrim ay d-yeffɣen deg Yunyu n 2015, yerna ussijjew n ufusfuṛ s 400 000 n yiṭunen deg 2013, dɣa aseggas-nni,  Meṛṛuk tfures-d 2,2 n yimelyunen n ufusfuṛ, ma deg 2012, tfures-d 1,8 d amelyun.
  
Tamurt attan imir-a tebḍa ɣef sin n yinabaḍen d sin n yimnan, yiwen n unabaḍ atan deg tmaneɣt [Ṭrables], wayeḍ atan deg Tubruk, ɣef tlisa n Maṣer, yerna yal yiwen seg-seg yeḥseb iman-nnes d netta kan ay yesɛan azref ad yili.  
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Ma d « Ṛṛay aqanuni agraɣlan » n useggas n 2002 yebder-d dakken ixeddimen n ussenqed d uɣellet n wakal aṣeḥrawi « llan-d war ma gren-d deg leḥsab leṣlaḥ d lebɣi n uɣref n Uneẓruf Utrim, yerna aya d tuffɣa i yimenzayen n lqanun agraɣlan ».  
  
Arkad n udabu ttwalint-tt tmura n umaḍal d asurif s wazal-nnes i uɛawed n lebni n uwanak (ddula) yerna d ayen ara iḥebsen imenɣi deg tmurt.  
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Maca gar waya d wayen niḍen, tettɣimi-d temsalt n Uneẓruf Utrim d tin ayɣef mgerradent tmura ijehden deg umaḍal am wakken ay yekcem deg temsalt-a nnfeɛ adamsan n kra n yidisan, yerna tezmer ad teqqim tegnit-a arma d asmi ara d-lhun Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen s temsalt-a akken iwata akken ad as-d-teqqel tlelli i wakal aneggaru akk ay d-yeqqimen yettwaḍḍef deg Tefriqt.  
  
D acu kan, assemqarab n sin-a n yinabaḍen gar-asen d ccɣel iweɛṛen aṭas. Yiwen seg yinabaḍen-a atan deg Ṭrables yerna yeqqen ɣer temlicin n « Fajr Libya », ma d wayeḍ, win ayyes steɛṛfen lejnas, atan imir-a deg temdint n Al-Baida (1200 n yikilumitren deg ugmuḍ n Ṭrables) ay d-yezgan sdat Tubruk.
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Aneẓruf Utrim yettwaḥseb seg 1966 seg gar yikallen ur yesɛin azarug, dɣa s waya ay tt-terza tneɣtust tis 1514 n Ugraw amatu n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ay d-ibedren dakken iɣerfan d tmura ay yeddren deg yikallen yettwaḍḍfen sɛan azref akken ad awin azarug. Aneẓruf Utrim, tahrest taneggarut deg Tefriqt, teḍḍef-itt tmurt n Meṛṛuk deg 1975, yerna aseggas-nni ya kan yenna-d Ccṛeɛ agraɣlan dakken « ulac assaɣen n tnaya gar Meṛṛuk d Uneẓruf Utrim », dɣa s waya, « Meṛṛuk ur tesɛi ara azref ad teg leɛqudat ɣef lxir n ugama n Uneẓruf Utrim ».
 
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S waya, tawennaḍt tasertit n Libya teftutes yerna aya yella-d deg tegnit aydeg simal la d-rennunt tenṭagin tirebrabin. Dɣa, akken ad yefru waya, yessefk ad mɛawanen yixṣimen deg unrar akken ad kksen rrebrab.  
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Timura tiɣerbiyin d tid n Lxalij ttekkant deg urway
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Deg Meɣres n 2011, Aseqqamu n tɣellist n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen yefka ttesriḥ s yisem n lqanun agraɣlan i wacḥal n tmura n Temsisit Taṭlasit (aydeg tettekka Fṛansa) akken ad d-bdun ccɣel aserdasi deg Libya.
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Dɣa s waya ay yettwasseqdec ttawil d ameqran i lmend n tyita n Libya, yerna s tyita-a, derment aṭas n temdinin d lbenyanat iqburen yesɛan azal deg tmurt-a, yerna ssefken acḥal n yiseggasen akken ad iɛawed ad d-yettwabnu waya akk. Sdeffir 7 n wayyuren n tyitiwin, tella-d lexṣara d tameqrant deg leṛwaḥ, imi gar 60 000 d 100 000 n yimdanen ara yilin ttwenɣen, war ma neḥseb-d wid ay irewlen seg yixxamen-nsen.
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S waya, terwi akk tmurt. Ur telli temsulta, ur yelli yigen (lɛeskeṛ), yerna d tigrawin timsellḥin ur yesɛin aḥkim ay iḥekmen deg unẓul, am wakken ay yemsebḍa ugmuḍ d unẓul n tmurt.
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Ɣef leḥsab n yiwen n uṛabul amaynu n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen, « timerniwt n tekriḍt deg Libya terna tesserwel ugar n uzgen n umelyun n yimdanen seg yixxamen-nsen gar 14 Mayyu 2014 d tezwara n Yebrir » 2015.
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Barack Obama yetthem timuira n Lxalij imi, deg kra n tegnatin, « rnant zzit i tmes deg yimenɣi imselleḥ yili yella yessefk ad ɛerḍent ad tt-sseɣsin ». Timura-a gant akk ayen umi zemrent akken ad rwint Libya seg sdaxel.
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Yessefk daɣ ad nesteɛṛef dakken tawaɣit-nni aydeg mmuten 700 n yimdanen deg lebḥeṛ, azal n 120 n yikilumitren ɣef Libya, d ayen ay yessewlawlen ulawen n medden deg Tuṛuft.
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Imi ay teqreb Libya ɣer Tuṛuft, tamurt-a seg zik ay tettwassen d tiqenṭert i yiminigen, maca asɛeddi n yiminigen yegget s waṭas seg wasmi ay yeɣli Mouammar El-Guedhafi, ɣef waya ay yessefk ad d-yili uxeddim akken ad d-qqlen yixṣimen n Libya ɣer ṣṣwab-nsen.
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Aselway afṛensis, François Hollande, yettwali dakken « yessefk ad nṣeggem tuccḍiwin n zik » deg Libya, ɣef leḥsab n wayen ay d-yenna deg tqacuct tuṛufit tafeɣnamit ay d-yellan ɣef yiminigen, dɣa s wawal-a, Hollande yessemɛen-d ɣef wayen ay iga uselway aqbur, Nicolas Sarkozy.
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Tasiwelt n wass 14:57, 27 Yebrir 2015

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵍⴻⵊⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ

ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴻⵖⵜ – ⵢⴻⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2015 – ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ-ⴰ, ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵍⴻⵊⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴰ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ-ⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴻⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵊⴻⴱ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⴰⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴻⴽⴽⴰ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵡⴻⵊⴷⴻⵏ ⵍⴻⵊⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴹⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵃⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⴼⴻⵄ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⵇⵇⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵍⴻⴽⵎⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ.

ⴽⵓⵥⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵡⵉⵏ (40) ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴻⴼ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴻⵏⵜ-ⴷ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ: ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⵣⵣⵓⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴹⴰⵔ ⴷⴻⴳ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵓⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴱⴻⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵀⵔⴻⵙ (ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵕ) ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ ⵜⵃⵓⵣⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵃⴻⵍ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵊⵊⴻⵏ ⵛⵛⴻⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵄⴻⵡⵡⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ, ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ.

ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵄⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ 4 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵍⵀⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ-ⴰ, ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵕⵀⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵄⴱⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵣⵓⵅⵅⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ.

ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴹⴹⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵉⵃⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⴻⵏ, ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵒⵍⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⴻⴼ-ⴰ ⵢⴻⴹⴹⴻⴼ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵏⵣⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵔⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵇⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵍⴻⵚⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵟⴻⵍ, ⵏ ⵓⵜⵄⴻⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵕⴰⵎ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵉⵃⵓⴷⴷⴻⵏ.

ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓ ⴽⴰⵏ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵉⵡⴻⵕ ⵉ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵒⵧⵍⵉⵙⴰⵔⵉⵧ ⴷ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ-ⴰ ⵡⴻⵔⵄⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴼⴻⵄ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⵊⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵔⴻⵖⵖⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵜⵖⵉⵍ ⵔⵔⴱⴰⵟ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⵛⴻⵍ ⵉⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴻⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ.

ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵖⴻⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⴹⴰⵄⴻⵏ

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⴳⴻⵍ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵒⵍⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵄⴼⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴻⵊⵀⴻⵕ, ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴷⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ (ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ) ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ 24 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙⴻⵏ (ⴳⴰⵏ-ⵜⵜ-ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴻⵖⵜⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 690 ⵏ ⵢⴻⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1991), ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⴱⴰⵏ ⴽⵉ-ⵎⵧⵧⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵉⵡⴻⴽⴽⴷⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵕⴰⴱⵓⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵢⴻⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵄⴰⴷⴻⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ-ⴰ ⵙ ⵍⴻⴽⵎⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ » ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ.

ⵢⵓⵖ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ, ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵕⴰⴱⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ 2008, ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ-ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵃⵉⵙⵙⴻⴼ, ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵄⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵄⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴻⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⵜ (ⵍⴱⵉⵔⵓ) ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ-ⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵄⴻⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵄⴼⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ-ⴰ.

Ɣⴻⴼ ⵍⵊⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵄⴱⴻⵟ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⴻⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⵏⵏⴼⴻⵄ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ, ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴻⴼ (2013 ⴷ 2015) ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵎⵖⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⴻⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵄⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵃⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴻⵏⴼ-ⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵄⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ-ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴰⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴹⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ (ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ) ⵉ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵄⴻⴹⴹⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴻⵅ.

Ɣⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴷⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ ⵜⴻⵍⵀⴰ-ⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵖⴻⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ-ⵉⴷ-ⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵣⴷⴰⵖⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ-ⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵉⵃⴻⴽⵎⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵚⴻⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ 52 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵛⵛⵖⴻⵍ-ⴰ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴰⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵜⴻⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ-ⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴰⵡⴻⴹ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵙⴻⵍⵀⵓ ⵓ ⵍⴻⵎⵎⴻⵔ ⵙ ⵛⵡⵉⵟ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ.

ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ-ⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵄⴻⴹⴹⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵛⵖⴻⴱ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵀⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴳⵀⵜⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵛⵀ, ⴰⵎⵏⴻⵙⵜⵢ ⵉⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵧⵏⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⴱⴻⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵧⴱⴻⵔⵜ ⴽⴻⵏⵏⴻⴷⵢ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⴼⴻⵄ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴻⵜⵍⴻⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴻⵜⵜⴻⴱ ⴷ 17 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵕⴻⵏⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵎⴻⵍⵎⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵒⴰⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⴻⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵃⵕⴻⵙ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴻⵛⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴻⵛⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵙⵧ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴽⴻⵛⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴻⵛⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴷⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴹⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵃⵔⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵛⵛⴼⴰⵡⴰⵜ

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ, ⵜⵉⵊⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ « ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵏⴳⴻⵔ » ⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ (ⵚⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴱⵉⵜ) ⴳⴰⵔ 1975 ⴷ 1991 ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ-ⵉⵜⴻⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⵉⴹ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ-ⴷ ⵜⴻⵊⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ-ⴰ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⵜⴻⵀⵎⴻⵏ 11 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴹⴻⴱⴱⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵙ « ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ » ⵖⴻⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ-ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵕⴻⵄ ⵏ ⵙⵒⴻⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵍⵀⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ.

ⵕⵕⴰⵢ-ⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⴻⵄ ⴰⵙⵒⴻⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵢⴻⴼⴼⴻⵖ-ⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 9 ⵢⴻⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2015, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵃⵜⴰⵛ-ⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴰ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵔⵣⵧⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ 2007, ⴷ ⴰⵃⵜⴰⵛ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵉⴽⴻⵛⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴻⵜ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⵅⵍⴰⵄⴻⵏ ⵏ « ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴻⵃⵛⵉⵜ » ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵡⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴹⴹⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵡⵡⴻⴹ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵉ ⴷ « ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏⴳⴻⵔ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏ ».

ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⵓⵃⵜⴰⵛ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵔⵣⵧⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ-ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵙⴻⴱ ⴷ « ⵜⴰⵊⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵏⴳⴻⵔ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵢⵉⴼⴻⵔⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵊⵔⵉⵎⵜ-ⴰ, ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵏⴹⴻⵔⵔⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴻⵍⵎⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⵊⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵚⴻⵍ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ (ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ) ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏⴳⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵔⵉⵛ ⵏⴻⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⴰⵖⵔⴻⴼ-ⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴹⴹⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⴰⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ », ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ « ⵜⵜⴻⵡⵜⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴱⵓⵎⴱⴰⵜ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ », ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ « ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴳⵓⵊⵊⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴱⴻⵙⵙⵉⴼ » ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ « ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴻⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵄⴻⵔⵇⴻⵏ ».

ⵙⴻⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵉⵃⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⵅⵍⴰⵄⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵕⴰⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵜⴰⵛ-ⵏⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⴷⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴱⴷⴻⵔⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⵏⴻ, ⴰⵢ ⵡⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵅⵅⴰⵎ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴷⵓⵊⴻⵎⴱⴻⵕ 1975, ⴽⴽⵙⴻⵏ-ⴰⵙ ⴱⴻⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵍⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⵟⵟⴻⴹ ⵖⴻⵔ-ⵙ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵡⴻⵔⵄⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵇⴼⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ-ⵏⵏⵉ, ⵙⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⴻⵜⵜⵉⴱⴻⵏ-ⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴻⵏ, « ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴻⵜⵜⴻⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴰ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ-ⵜⵜ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⴳⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴳⴰⵔ 10 ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⵇⵉⵇⵉⵏ », ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ « ⵜⵄⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ », ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ « ⵜⵜⵄⴻⵍⵍⵉⵇⴻⵏ-ⵜⵜ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⴹⴰⵔⵔⴻⵏ, ⵉⵖⴻⴼ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴻⵙⵙⴰⵔ, ⵙⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⴻⵏ-ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴻⴽⴽⴰⵣ », ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⴰⵢ ⵜⵜ-ⵙⵙⴻⵔⵙⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⴻⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵡⵜⴻⵏ-ⵜⵜ ⴰⵔⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵙⵍⴻⵅ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⵎ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⴻⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵜⴰⵛ-ⵏⵏⵉ.

ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴳⴰⵔⵣⵧⵏ ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴻⵔ-ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵉⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵧⵎⴰⵔ ⴱⵧⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵀⵎⴻⴷ ⴱⵉⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴻⵏⵣⵓ (ⵜⵜⴰⵊⴻⵔ), ⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏ-ⵜ ⵢⵉⴼⴻⵔⴷⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴹⴹⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 1976 ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ « ⵄⴻⵜⵜⴱⴻⵏ-ⵜ 4 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴹⵉⵇⴻⵏ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⴽⴽⴰ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵓⴷⴰⵏ », ⵙⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵄⵔⴻⵇ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵥⵔⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ.

ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓ ⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ-ⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴻⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2014 ⴷ ⵎⴻⵖⵔⴻⵙ 2015, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ-ⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ 265 ⵏ ⵍⵉⵃⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴼⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴳⴰⵔ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵜ ⵍⵉⵃⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴻⵜⵜⴻⴱ, ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ, ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴻⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵇⴷⴻⵛ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⴻⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⴷⵓⵇ ⴰⵏⵓⵕⵡⵉⵊⵉ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴻⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴼⴼⵖⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⴻⴱⵔⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⴻⵍ ⵏ « ⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⴰⵎⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵄⴰⵇⴻⴱ ⴼⴻⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙ ».

ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵜⵄⴻⴷⴷⵉ

ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵓⵜⵄⴻⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵎⴳⴻⵔⵔⴰⴷⴻⵏ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵜⴻⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵉ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴻⴱⵃⴻⵕ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵜⴻⵙⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴻⵢⵢⴰ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴹⴹⴰⵍⵎⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵓⵍⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ.

ⴷⵖⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ-ⴰ, ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⵓⵏⴻⵚⵚⴰⵃ ⴰⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ, ⵀⴰⵏⵙ ⴽⵧⵔⴻⵍⵍ, ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵙⵙⵓⴼⴼⴻⵖ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵎⴻⵍⵎⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴷⴻⴳ ⵏ « ⵉⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵧⵏⴰⵍ ⵊⵓⴷⵉⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵎⵧⵏⵉⵜⵧⵔ » ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵖⴻⵍⵍⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴻⵇⵇ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵏⵣⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.

ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ, ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴽⵧⵔⴻⵍⵍ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 29 ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰⵢⴻⵔ 2002, ⴷⴻⴳ « ⵕⵕⴰⵢ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ » ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵙⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ (ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ), « ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴻⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴻⵍⵍⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ-ⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴻⵇⵇ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵉⵃⴻⴽⵎⴻⵏ ».

ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⴽⵧⵔⴻⵍⵍ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⴰⵙⴻⵇⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴻⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴻⵎⵎⴻⵍ ⵜⴻⴳⵏⵉⵜ-ⴰ », ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵀⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵃⴻⴽⵎⴻⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ-ⴰ ».

ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓ ⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵏⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵙⵙⴻⵄⵊⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵅⴻⴷⴷⵉⵎ-ⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⴷ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵄⴰⵡⴷⴻⵏ ⵍⴻⵄⵇⵓⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴻⵍⵍⴻⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴻⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵒⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵔⴻⴹⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳⴰⵔ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵉⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ-ⴷ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴽⴼⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⴰⴷ ⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴻⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ » ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ-ⴰ.

ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵄⴻⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴼⴼⵖⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵏ 2015, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵊⵊⴻⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵕ ⵙ 400 000 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ 2013, ⴷⵖⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ-ⵏⵏⵉ, ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵜⴼⵓⵔⴻⵙ-ⴷ 2,2 ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵕ, ⵎⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ 2012, ⵜⴼⵓⵔⴻⵙ-ⴷ 1,8 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵍⵢⵓⵏ.

ⵎⴰ ⴷ « ⵕⵕⴰⵢ ⴰⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ » ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴻⵔ-ⴷ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⴷⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴻⵍⵍⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵚⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ « ⵍⵍⴰⵏ-ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴳⵔⴻⵏ-ⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴻⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵍⴻⵚⵍⴰⵃ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴱⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴻⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵏⵣⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ».

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⵉ-ⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵖⴻⴼ ⵎⴳⴻⵔⵔⴰⴷⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵊⴻⵀⴷⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ-ⴰ ⵏⵏⴼⴻⵄ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴻⴳⵏⵉⵜ-ⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ-ⵍⵀⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ-ⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ-ⴷ-ⵜⴻⵇⵇⴻⵍ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴻⴼ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.

ⴰⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵙⴻⴱ ⵙⴻⴳ 1966 ⵙⴻⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵜⵜ-ⵜⴻⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵏⴻⵖⵜⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 1514 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵉⴱⴻⴷⵔⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵔⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⴼⴻⵏ ⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ. ⴰⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵜⴰⵀⵔⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴻⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⴻⴹⴹⴻⴼ-ⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷⴻⴳ 1975, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ-ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⵛⵛⵕⴻⵄ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⵓⵍⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ », ⴷⵖⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, « ⵎⴻⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⴻⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴳ ⵍⴻⵄⵇⵓⴷⴰⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⵥⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ».