Asebter amenzawi : Tameẓla gar ileqman

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Ajerriḍ 1: Ajerriḍ 1:
Imenɣi mgal rrebrab: Lezzayer d tacrikt n « uswir unnig mliḥ » deg Tefriqt n Ugafa
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Iḥezziben imaynuten i ussifses n ussefti deg tmerrit deg Ctembeṛ
  
LEZZAYER  Lezzayer d tacrikt n « uswir unnig mliḥ » deg Tefriqt n Ugafa deg yimenɣi mgal rrebrab, ɣef wakken ay d-tenna ass n lexmis i Tnegga n Yisalan n Lezzayer tiɣeft n tmagla tamarikanit, Paige Alexander deg Usarag n Lezzayer ɣef yimenɣi mgal tiṭṭurfa d tukksa-nnes.
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ƐIN TIMUCENT Ad ttwasfeɛlen yiḥezziben imaynuten i ussifses n ussefti deg tmerrit seg Ctembeṛ d asawen, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna ass n lexmis deg Ɛin Timucent uneɣlaf n uheyyi n wakal, n tmerrit d tenḍi, Amar Ghoul.
  
Ɣef leḥsab n Massa Alexander, ay yessawlen d Tnegga n Yisalan n Lezzayer deg yijifeṛ n usarag-nni, « Lezzayer tesɛa aṭas n ttejṛiba d umezruy deg yimenɣi-nnes mgal rrebrab. Attan deg ṣṣef amezwaru deg temnaḍt-a », dɣa d aya ay yerran tamurt-a n Tefriqt n Ugafa d « tacrikt n uswir unnig » deg temnaḍt.
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Iḥezziben-a rzan, gar tɣawsiwin niḍen, assefrek n tmerrit d temnaḍin n ussemɣer n tmerrit, beddu n yisenfaren imerrayen d imeqranen deg waṭas n temnaḍin n tmurt d usɛeddi n yiwen n lqanun aslekman « s wazal-nnes » ara d-yesbanen s udeqqeq ccuruḍ n ussefti, alug n ccuruḍ d tsekkirin ara yettwaqadren deg ussefti, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna uneɣlaf deg yiwet n temlilit d tɣemsa deg tegzirt n Ṛecgun.
  
« Nessawel aṭas d Lezzayer d yicriken niḍen deg temnaḍt ɣef tegnit n tɣellist (laman). Dɣa nwala d akken d ayen yesɛan azal ad nexdem yerna ad nesseqdec timussniwin-nneɣ tumyifin deg uxeddim, ɣer yidis n Lezzayer ay nettwali d tacrikt meɣɣer wazal-nnes yerna d unnig uswir-nnes (deg Tefriqt n Ugafa) ».
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« Aḍris-a ad yessenqes aṭas n yikaramen n ussefti d tallit n uzraw n yikaramen-a, am wakken ara iɛawen imseftiyen deg unrar-a, yerna ad yeḍfer tiddit n yisenfaren n lebni », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna, am wakken ay d-iwekked d akken « iduba inagduden ad ɛaqben imseftiyen ur yettqadaren ara alugen n ccuruḍ, yerna yezmer ad asen-yettwakkes ttesriḥ akken ad xedmen deg usenfar-nni am wakken ay yezmer ad asen-yettwakkes ttesriḥ n ussefti ».
  
Alexander terra tajmilt i Lezzayer imi ay d-tessuddes asarag-a yerna twekked-d d akken amyager-a agraɣlan yella-d « d tagnit yelhan i tmurt-a deg d-yella usarag (Lezzayer) d tid yettekkan deg-s akken ad cerkent ttejṛibat-nsent deg yimenɣi mgal rrebrab ».
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« Ula d akal ad t-terzu temsalt n yiḥezziben-a, imi kra n temnaḍin n ussemɣer n tmerrit yella-d deg-sent urkaḍ n ccuruḍ », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna, am wakken ay d-yerna d akken isenfaren imeẓyanen n ussefti d iduba idiganen ara ten-yesferken yerna ur terri ara tmara ad ten-yessefrek uɣlif.
  
« Nessaram ad yessiweḍ yal yiwen ad d-yelmed seg wayeḍ yerna ad d-nessewjed taftart n yixeddimen ay iwatan ay d-telhu yid-sen ama d Lezzayer, ama d icriken niḍen ay iḥedṛen deg Usarag-a », ɣef wakken ay d-tenna Massa Alexander ay yellan daɣ d tamalalt n unedbal n tnarit n Tnegga tamarikanit n tneflit tagraɣlant (USAID).
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Deg wayen yerzan ssumat n yisensa, aneɣlaf yenna-d d akken atenti ɣlayit ɣef lǧal n ussuter ameqran ay d-yeggten ɣef yisensa d lexṣaṣ n yisensa. « Aql-aɣ la nesseǧhad tazmert n ummager n yisensa », ɣef wakken ay d-iwekked.
  
Mi tettwatter ɣef tsertit tamarikanit deg yimenɣi mgal rrebrab, Massa Alexander twekked-d d akken Iwanaken Yeddukklen n Marikan sɛan anagraw aserdasi n wumel n tɣellist akken ad nnaɣen mgal tiṭṭurfa tukriḍt, d acu kan tenna-d d akken « aya ur d-yettqam ara ».
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Deg wayen yerzan tigzirt n Ṛecgun, Mass Ghoul yenna-d d akken aɣlif n uheyyi n wakal d tmerrit ur yettɛeḍḍil ara ad yestenyi leɛqed d uɣlif n yidles akken ad sterren tigzirt-a yerna ad tt-id-heyyin i uḥewwes. Dɣa s waya ara tesɛu imnenniḍen n uḥewwes ara yettekkin deg wahil n tneflit n tmerrit taɣelnawt d tegraɣlant.
  
« Yessefk ad nexdem ɣef tudsiwin tinabḍanin d tenmettiyin niḍen akken ad nessiweḍ ad nefhem ssebbat n tiṭṭurfa tukriḍt », ɣef wakken ay d-tenna, am wakken ay d-terna d akken yella-d aṭas n wawal ɣef uḥezzeb deg yisaragen ay d-gan deg umyager-a.
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Ad d-yili daɣ leɛqed am wa d uɣlif n tɣawsiwin n ddin yerna ad yerzu aḥraz d uṣeggem n yideggen d imedruzen inselmen, ladɣa tamesgida tamaynut n Wehṛan.
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D acu kan, tamhelt n uheyyi n tegzirt n Ṛecgun yessefk ad tqader ilugan n uḥraz n twennaḍt yerna ur tettbeddil ara ṣṣifat n twennaḍt n tegzirt-a, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna.
  
Massa Alexander tger tamawt d akken imuzzag ḥetteten-d d akken yessefk ad tettwafhem tarrayt n teɣwalt d yiznan ay sseqdacent tegrawin tirebrabin s yiẓeḍwan inmettiyen i lmend n usmal n lecɣal d tesnakta-nsen.
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Mi yerza ɣef tegzirt n « Laila », Mass Ghoul yenna-d d akken « yetɛejjeb » s udeg-a yerna yenna-d d akken « asɣun » am wa yessefk ad yettwaḥrez yerna ad yettwaṣeggem akken ad yadef deg wahil aɣelnaw d ugraɣlan n umnenniḍ n uḥewwes deg tmurt n Lezzayer.
  
Deg wayen yerzan amɛawen gar Lezzayer d Yiwanaken Yeddukklen deg unrar n tɣellist deg temnaḍt n Ssaḥel, tiɣeft n tmagla tamarikanit tenna-d d akken snat-a n tmura la ttemɛawanent mliḥ deg yimenɣi mgal rrebrab.
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Tigzirt-a yella deg-s yiwen n ufensu ay yettwabnan deg 1860 yerna la d-tettili tezrawt i uṣeggem-nnes. Nnig waya, tigzirt-a tettwaṣennef d tamnaḍt turḍibt yesɛan azal d agraɣlan ɣef leḥsab n umtawa n Ramsar n 1971, ɣef wakken ay d-tenna tkebbanit ay la yessefraken adeg-a.
  
Asarag n Lezzayer ssefran ad ifak ass n lexmis s uheyyi n teftart ɣef « uɛahed, assewjed d ticcurka ara yesfeɛlen ayen ay d-yettwalemdeb seg yiskasiyen » n usarag-a.
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Mass Ghoul yenna-d, seg yidis niḍen, d akken mazal aɣlif la ixeddem ɣef temsalt n tnusi n yimerrayen ɣer yimezdaɣen yerna aḥezzib-a yebda yettwassefɛal yagi deg Sḍif.
  
Lewṣayat n teftart-a n Lezzayer ad ttunefkent i tqacuct n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ara d-yilin deg Ctembeṛ ay d-yetteddun deg Washington ɣef yimenɣi mgal tiṭṭurfa tukriḍt.
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Aneɣlaf yebda tuzzya-nnes seg tdayṛa n Bni Ṣaf anda ay yedla ɣef tezrawt n uheyyi n teftist n Ṛecgun 1, yerna iger-d tiɣri i usselhu n umkan-a s teɣzef n useggas.
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I lmend n waya, yessefqed yiwen n usensu ay la tbennu yiwet n tkebbanit tusligt yerna yessuter-as ad tqader alug n ccuruḍ d yilugan n lebni.
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Mi yedla ɣef tezrawin n uheyyi n temnaḍt n ussemɣer n tmerrit, aneɣlaf iḥettet-d ɣef usseqdec « uṛcid » n wakal imi, ɣef leḥsab-nnes, ur yessefk ara ad yettwasseqdec i yineɣsaren kan n tkeṛṛusin, wanag yessefk ad yettwasseqdec i yimeẓla (ssrabes).
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Deg tmaneɣt n twilayt (Wehṛan), aneɣlaf yessers aẓru amezwaru deg lebni n uxxam n tmehla n tmerrit d tenḍi, sakkin yessefqed tazrawt n usenfar n lebni n Usudu aɣelnaw n ussileɣ deg ttekniyin n tmerrit d yisensa, am wakken ay yerẓem axxam amaynu n tenḍi, d amkan ay yettakfen azal i tenḍi n twilayt-a.

Tasiwelt n wass 11:29, 24 Yulyu 2015

ⵉⵃⴻⵣⵣⵉⴱⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵛⵜⴻⵎⴱⴻⵕ

ⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵛⴻⵏⵜ – ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴼⴻⵄⵍⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵃⴻⵣⵣⵉⴱⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵛⵜⴻⵎⴱⴻⵕ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴻⵏ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵅⵎⵉⵙ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵛⴻⵏⵜ ⵓⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵏⴹⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⴳⵀⵧⵓⵍ.

ⵉⵃⴻⵣⵣⵉⴱⴻⵏ-ⴰ ⵔⵣⴰⵏ, ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⴻⴼⵔⴻⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵎⵖⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ, ⴱⴻⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵄⴻⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴻⴽⵎⴰⵏ « ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ » ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵙⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴻⵇⵇⴻⵇ ⵛⵛⵓⵔⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ, ⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵔⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴻⴽⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⴰⴷⵔⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴻⵎⵙⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⴻⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴻⵛⴳⵓⵏ.

« ⴰⴹⵔⵉⵙ-ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⵏⵇⴻⵙ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴻⵏ-ⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵄⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ-ⴰ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⴹⴼⴻⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴱⵏⵉ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵉⵡⴻⴽⴽⴻⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⵉⴷⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵇⴱⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵇⴰⴷⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵔⵓⴹ, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵏ-ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵙ ⵜⵜⴻⵙⵔⵉⵃ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔ-ⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵣⵎⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵏ-ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵙ ⵜⵜⴻⵙⵔⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ ».

« ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵜⴻⵔⵣⵓ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵃⴻⵣⵣⵉⴱⴻⵏ-ⴰ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵎⵖⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴷⴻⴳ-ⵙⴻⵏⵜ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵔⵓⴹ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⴼⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵢⴻⵙⴼⴻⵔⴽⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ-ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⵔⴻⴽ ⵓⵖⵍⵉⴼ.

ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴻⵏⵜⵉ ⵖⵍⴰⵢⵉⵜ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⴵⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵎⴻⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⴳⴳⵜⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴻⵅⵚⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ. « ⴰⵇⵍ-ⴰⵖ ⵍⴰ ⵏⴻⵙⵙⴻⴵⵀⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⴳⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ », ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵉⵡⴻⴽⴽⴻⴷ.

ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴻⵛⴳⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴳⵀⵧⵓⵍ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵖⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵄⴻⴹⴹⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵙⵜⴻⵏⵢⵉ ⵍⴻⵄⵇⴻⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵍⴻⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ-ⴰ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ-ⵉⴷ-ⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵃⴻⵡⵡⴻⵙ. ⴷⵖⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵙⵄⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⴻⵏⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴻⵡⵡⴻⵙ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴻⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴻⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵍⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴻⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⴻⵄⵇⴻⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵃⵔⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴻⴳⴳⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⴻⴳⴳⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴻⴷⵔⵓⵣⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴻⵍⵎⴻⵏ, ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵙⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴻⵀⵕⴰⵏ.

ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓ ⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⴻⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴻⵛⴳⵓⵏ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⴻⴷⴷⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⴼⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ-ⴰ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ.

ⵎⵉ ⵢⴻⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴻⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ « ⵍⴰⵉⵍⴰ », ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴳⵀⵧⵓⵍ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⵢⴻⵜⵄⴻⵊⵊⴻⴱ » ⵙ ⵓⴷⴻⴳ-ⴰ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ « ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ » ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵔⴻⵣ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⴻⴳⴳⴻⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴻⴼ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵖⴻⵍⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴻⵏⵏⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴻⵡⵡⴻⵙ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵣⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ.

ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ-ⴰ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴻⴳ-ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴻⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴳ 1860 ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵍⴰ ⴷ-ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴻⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵚⴻⴳⴳⴻⵎ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ. ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ-ⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⴻⵏⵏⴻⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⴱⵜ ⵢⴻⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⴻⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ 1971, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵜⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴽⴻⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵢ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⵔⴰⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴻⴳ-ⴰ.

ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴳⵀⵧⵓⵍ ⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ-ⴷ, ⵙⴻⴳ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵉⴹⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵍⵉⴼ ⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⴷⴻⵎ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴻⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵣⴷⴰⵖⴻⵏ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵃⴻⵣⵣⵉⴱ-ⴰ ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴰ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴻⴼⵄⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵙⴹⵉⴼ.

ⴰⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵢⴻⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⵢⴰ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵢⵕⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵚⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⴷⵍⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴻⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴼⵜⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴻⵛⴳⵓⵏ 1, ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴻⵔ-ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵍⵀⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ-ⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵖⵣⴻⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴳⴳⴰⵙ.

ⵉ ⵍⵎⴻⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⵇⴻⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵢ ⵍⴰ ⵜⴱⴻⵏⵏⵓ ⵢⵉⵡⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴻⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵢⴻⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⵓⵜⴻⵔ-ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⴰⴷⴻⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵔⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴱⵏⵉ.

ⵎⵉ ⵢⴻⴷⵍⴰ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵜⴻⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴻⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵎⵖⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ, ⴰⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵉⵃⴻⵜⵜⴻⵜ-ⴷ ⵖⴻⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⴻⵇⴷⴻⵛ « ⵓⵕⵛⵉⴷ » ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵉ, ⵖⴻⴼ ⵍⴻⵃⵙⴰⴱ-ⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴻⵇⴷⴻⵛ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴻⵖⵙⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴻⵕⵕⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴳ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴻⵇⴷⴻⵛ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⵥⵍⴰ (ⵙⵙⵔⴰⴱⴻⵙ).

ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴻⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ (ⵡⴻⵀⵕⴰⵏ), ⴰⵏⴻⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⵔⵙ ⴰⵥⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵍⴻⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵏⴹⵉ, ⵙⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⵇⴻⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵖⴻⵍⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⴻⵖ ⴷⴻⴳ ⵜⵜⴻⴽⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵔⵥⴻⵎ ⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴹⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⴰⴽⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵏⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ-ⴰ.